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Opposites are multiplied throughout The Dark Knight: Wayne & Batman, Dent & Wayne, White Knight & Dark Knight, Mill & Kant, good & evil, heads & tails and the two sides of Two-face. This bi-polarity which is also inherent to each of the three main characters (Wayne, Dent and the Joker) represents the clashing forces Nietzsche describes in The Birth of Tragedy.
According to Nietzsche, tragedy combines the Apollonian force of rational thought with the Dionysian force of irrational impulse (Nietzsche, 1872. 19ff.). Nolan uses this theory in order to redefine ethics: Batman represents the stability of the rational (as the Joker says, he is an “immovable object”) and the Joker identifies with the instability of the irrational (“an unstoppable force”). Ironically the dialectic is reversed at times: even though Batman represents all that is good about incorruptible rationality, he mainly displays physical strength (a Dionysian attribute); while the Joker, who embodies all that is dangerous about the irrational, displays very sophisticated intelligence (an Apollonian feature).
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